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    The radio frequency spectrum is like a highway for wireless communication, with different bands serving as lanes for different purposes. In the case of 5G, multiple frequency bands are used to cater to various needs and applications. These bands can be categorized into three main groups:

    Low-Band: Low-band frequencies, typically under 1 GHz, offer wide coverage but are limited in data speed and capacity. They are suitable for providing 5G coverage over large areas, making them essential for rural and suburban regions.

    Mid-Band: Mid-band frequencies, falling between 1 GHz and 6 GHz, strike a balance between coverage and speed. They provide faster data rates and are crucial for urban areas and industrial applications.

    High-Band (mmWave): High-band or millimeter-wave frequencies, ranging from 24 GHz to 100 GHz, deliver extremely high data speeds but have limited coverage. They are primarily used in dense urban areas and venues where high capacity is crucial.

    The Role of Frequency Bands in 5G

    Each of these frequency bands plays a distinct role in making 5G the game-changer that it is.

    1. Low-Band Frequencies (Sub-6 GHz)

    Low-band frequencies, including the 600 MHz and 700 MHz bands, are like the workhorses of 5G. They cover extensive areas, making them essential for providing broad 5G coverage in both urban and rural settings. However, they offer moderate speed improvements compared to older 4G networks.
    Verizon and AT&T have been utilizing these frequencies to offer nationwide 5G coverage, making it accessible to a larger portion of the population.

    2. Mid-Band Frequencies

    Mid-band frequencies, such as the 3.5 GHz band, are the sweet spot for 5G. They offer a balance between coverage and speed, making them ideal for urban areas, suburban communities, and industrial applications. Mid-band frequencies provide a substantial boost in data rates and reduced latency compared to low-band frequencies.
    T-Mobile has been a major player in deploying mid-band frequencies to create its extensive 5G network. The results are noticeable as consumers experience faster downloads, smoother streaming, and a more responsive network.

    3. High-Band (mmWave) Frequencies

    High-band or millimeter-wave frequencies, in the range of 24 GHz to 100 GHz, represent the pinnacle of 5G performance. These ultra-high frequencies provide blazing-fast data speeds, making them perfect for high-density urban environments and large event venues.
    Verizon, for instance, has rolled out mmWave-based 5G in parts of cities to offer peak data rates. However, mmWave's limitation lies in its shorter range and limited ability to penetrate obstacles, such as buildings, which makes it more challenging to implement widely.

    The Significance of Frequency Bands in 5G

    Frequency bands are pivotal in shaping the 5G experience. Here's why they matter:

    1. Diverse Applications

    The use of multiple frequency bands enables 5G networks to cater to diverse applications. Low-band frequencies ensure that 5G is available even in rural areas, while mid-band frequencies enhance the experience in urban environments. High-band frequencies, on the other hand, are perfect for applications that require extremely high data speeds, such as augmented reality and virtual reality.

    2. Coverage and Capacity

    Different frequency bands offer varying levels of coverage and capacity. Low-band frequencies provide broad coverage, ensuring that even remote areas receive 5G signals. Mid-band frequencies strike a balance between coverage and capacity, catering to densely populated regions. High-band frequencies deliver immense capacity but over shorter distances.

    3. Speed and Latency

    The higher the frequency, the faster the data speeds. High-band frequencies offer exceptional data speed improvements, a key selling point of 5G. Reduced latency, or the delay between sending and receiving data, is also a significant advantage of using high-band frequencies, making real-time applications like gaming and remote surgery feasible.

    The Evolution of Frequency Bands in 5G

    The rollout of 5G is an ongoing process, and frequency bands continue to evolve. Here's a glimpse of what's on the horizon:

    1. New Frequency Bands

    5G is not confined to existing frequency bands. New bands are continuously being identified and allocated. The 6 GHz band, for example, is gaining attention as it offers a balance between coverage and speed, making it a valuable addition to the 5G landscape.

    2. Dynamic Spectrum Sharing

    Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) is a technology that allows carriers to share the same spectrum bands for both 4G and 5G. This means that 5G can coexist with existing 4G networks, ensuring a smooth transition.

    3. Satellite Frequencies

    In the race for 5G supremacy, satellite frequencies are also being considered. The use of satellite frequencies can extend 5G connectivity to remote and underserved areas, eliminating the digital divide.
    Band
    Duplex mode
    ƒ
    (MHz)
    Common name
    Subset of band
    Uplink
    (MHz)
    Downlink
    (MHz)
    Duplex spacing
    (MHz)
    Channel bandwidths
    (MHz)
    n1FDD2100IMTn651920 – 19802110 – 21701905, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50
    n2FDD1900PCSn251850 – 19101930 – 1990805, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
    n3FDD1800DCS1710 – 17851805 – 1880955, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50
    n5FDD850CLRn26824 – 849869 – 894455, 10, 15, 20, 25
    n7FDD2600IMT‑E2500 – 25702620 – 26901205, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50
    n8FDD900Extended GSM880 – 915925 – 960455, 10, 15, 20, 25, 35
    n12FDD700Lower SMHn85699 – 716729 – 746305, 10, 15
    n13FDD700Upper SMH777 – 787746 – 756−315, 10
    n14FDD700Upper SMH788 – 798758 – 768−305, 10
    n18FDD850Lower 800 (Japan)n26815 – 830860 – 875455, 10, 15
    n20FDD800Digital Dividend (EU)832 – 862791 – 821−415, 10, 15, 20
    n24FDD1600Upper L-band (US)1626.5 – 1660.51525 – 1559−101.55, 10
    n25FDD1900Extended PCS1850 – 19151930 – 1995805, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45
    n26FDD850Extended CLR814 – 849859 – 894455, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
    n28FDD700APT703 – 748758 – 803555, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
    n29SDL700Lower SMH717 – 7285, 10
    n30FDD2300WCS2305 – 23152350 – 2360455, 10
    n34TDD2100IMT2010 – 20255, 10, 15
    n38TDD2600IMT‑En41, n902570 – 26205, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40
    n39TDD1900DCS–IMT Gap1880 – 19205, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40
    n40TDD2300S-Band2300 – 24005, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n41TDD2500BRS2496 – 26905, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n46TDD5200U-NII-1–45150 – 592510, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100
    n47TDD5900U-NII-4n465855 – 592510, 20, 30, 40
    n48TDD3500CBRS (US)n77, n783550 – 37005, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n50TDD1500L‑Band (EU)1432 – 15175, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80
    n51TDD1500L‑Band Extension (EU)1427 – 14325
    n53TDD2400S band2483.5 – 24955, 10
    n54TDD1600L-band1670 – 16755
    n65FDD2100Extended IMT1920 – 20102110 – 22001905, 10, 15, 20, 50
    n66
    FDD
    1700
    Extended AWS
    1710 – 1780
    2110 – 2200[B 8]
    400
    5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45
    2100
    n67SDL700EU 700738 – 7585, 10, 15, 20
    n70FDD2000Supplementary AWS1695 – 17101995 – 20203005, 10, 15, 20, 25
    n71FDD600Digital Dividend (US)663 – 698617 – 652−465, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35
    n74FDD1500Lower L‑Band (US)1427 – 14701475 – 1518485, 10, 15, 20
    n75SDL1500L‑Band (EU)1432 – 15175, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50
    n76SDL1500L‑Band Extension (EU)1427 – 14325
    n77TDD3700C-Band3300 – 420010, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n78TDD3500C-Bandn773300 – 380010, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n79TDD4700C-Band4400 – 500010, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n80SUL1800DCS1710 – 17855, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40
    n81SUL900Extended GSM880 – 9155, 10, 15, 20
    n82SUL800Digital Dividend (EU)832 – 8625, 10, 15, 20
    n83SUL700APT703 – 7485, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
    n84SUL2100IMT1920 – 19805, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50
    n85FDD700Extended Lower SMH698 – 716728 – 746305, 10, 15
    n86SUL1700Extended AWSn801710 – 17805, 10, 15, 20, 40
    n89SUL850CLR824 – 8495, 10, 15, 20, 50 (sic)
    n90TDD2500BRS2496 – 26905, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n91
    FDD
    800DD (EU)
    n20, n51
    832 – 862
    1427 – 1432
    570 – 595[B 11]
    5, 10[B 12]
    1500L-Band (EU)
    n92
    FDD
    800DD (EU)
    n20, n50
    832 – 862
    1432 – 1517
    600 – 660[B 11]
    5, 10, 15, 20
    1500L-Band (EU)
    n93
    FDD
    900Extended GSM
    n8, n51
    880 – 915
    1427 – 1432
    527 – 547[B 11]
    5, 10[B 12]
    1500L-Band (EU)
    n94
    FDD
    900Extended GSM
    n8, n50
    880 – 915
    1432 – 1517
    532 – 632[B 11]
    5, 10, 15, 20
    1500L-Band (EU)
    n95SUL2100IMT2010 – 20255, 10, 15
    n96TDD6000U-NII-5–85925 – 712520, 40, 60, 80, 100
    n97SUL2300S-Band2300 – 24005, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n98SUL1900DCS–IMT Gap1880 – 19205, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40
    n99SUL1600Upper L-band (US)1626.5 – 1660.55, 10
    n100FDD900Rail Mobile Radio (RMR)874.4 – 880919.4 – 925455
    n101TDD1900Rail Mobile Radio (RMR)n391900 – 19105, 10
    n102TDD6200U-NII-5n965925 – 642520, 40, 60, 80, 100
    n104TDD6700U-NII-6–86425 – 712520, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
    n105FDD600Digital Dividend (APT)663 – 703612 – 652−515, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35

    Band
    Duplex mode
    ƒ
    (MHz)
    Common name
    Uplink
    (MHz)
    Downlink
    (MHz)
    Duplex spacing
    (MHz)
    Channel bandwidths
    (MHz)
    Notes
    n255FDD1600L-band1626.5 – 1660.51525 – 1559−101.55, 10, 15, 20US
    n256FDD2100S-band1980 – 20102170 – 22001905, 10, 15, 20IMT

    Band
    ƒ
    (GHz)
    Common name
    Subset of band
    Uplink / Downlink
    (GHz)
    Channel bandwidths
    (MHz)
    Notes
    n25728LMDS26.50 – 29.5050, 100, 200, 400
    n25826K-band24.25 – 27.5050, 100, 200, 400
    n25941V-band39.50 – 43.5050, 100, 200, 400
    n26039Ka-band37.00 – 40.0050, 100, 200, 400
    n26128Ka-bandn25727.50 – 28.3550, 100, 200, 400
    n26247V-band47.20 – 48.2050, 100, 200, 400
    n26360V-band57.00 – 71.00100, 400, 800, 1600, 2000[D 1]

    Joni Tyagi

    Author & Editor

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